Pope Fabian was elected as the twentieth pope after his predecessor, Anterus, who served a brief term leading the Roman Christian community. His election came at a pivotal time when the Church was solidifying its structure and authority in the Roman Empire. Fabian, a Roman by citizenship, ascended through the ranks of the Church, known for his piety and organizational abilities. During his papacy, he was instrumental in addressing the issues of the growing Christian populace, establishing a framework for governance that would appeal to both church leaders and laypersons.

One of the noteworthy aspects of Fabian's papacy was his administrative skill, which was pivotal in navigating the complex relationship between the burgeoning Christian community and the Roman authorities. His tenure lasted for a little over 14 years, during which he is credited with significant ecclesiastical developments, such as the establishment of the first organized lists of martyrs and saints, promoting the veneration of those who had suffered for their faith. This practice would later play a crucial role in unifying and strengthening the early Church.

Moreover, Fabian's papacy took place amidst active persecutions against Christians, and he showed remarkable resilience in defending the faith. His leadership recognized the importance of martyrdom in bolstering Christian resolve and identity against external and internal threats. The era was marked by a consolidation of Christian doctrine and practice, shaping the church’s future direction and outreach efforts in the Roman world.