The Space Shuttle Atlantis lifted off from Kennedy Space Center, embarking on mission STS-81, which was significant in continuing the cooperative partnership between the United States and Russia in space exploration. This mission carried Jerry M. Linenger, a NASA astronaut, who was destined for a four-month stay aboard the Russian space station Mir. His stay would allow him to conduct scientific research alongside Russian cosmonauts, further strengthening collaborative efforts in space science. Linenger replaced fellow astronaut John E. Blaha, who had been onboard the Mir for several months, reflecting the ongoing exchange of personnel between the two nations' space agencies.

The STS-81 mission also involved the transfer of supplies and equipment to Mir, showcasing how shuttle missions contributed to the sustainability and scientific productivity of the station. With Atlantis equipped with new technology and scientific instruments, it was capable of deploying several experiments that would aid in understanding long-duration spaceflight effects on the human body. This was particularly necessary as both NASA and Roscosmos prepared for future missions layed in the International Space Station's design and objectives.

As part of this mission, Atlantis also carried a significant cargo payload that included supplies, experiments, and hardware necessary for daily operations on Mir. This was becoming crucial as the international community increasingly recognized the need for global cooperation in accessing and utilizing space for scientific advancements.