Henry Howard, the Earl of Surrey, was a prominent English nobleman and a member of the Tudor court. His trial for treason arose from a combination of complex political dynamics and personal rivalries prevalent at the court of King Henry VIII. One of the specific charges against him was his display of quartered arms, which closely resembled the royal arms of the king. This act was regarded as a significant affront to the monarchy, suggesting a rivalry that was seen as a challenge to the king's supremacy.

Surrey's conviction was also influenced by the political landscape of the time, as he had previously enjoyed favor with the king but had fallen into disfavor amidst the volatile environment of court politics. The severity of the punishment reflected not just the alleged crime but also the need for maintaining royal authority and control. His execution effectively sent a powerful message to other nobles about the consequences of perceived disloyalty or ambition.

The sentencing of Surrey took place against the backdrop of Henry VIII's declining health and the ensuing uncertainties about succession and governance. The king’s later death marked a significant turning point in English history, leading to the ascension of Edward VI. Surrey's trial and execution represents the ruthless nature of Tudor politics, where even prominent figures could quickly fall from grace due to shifting allegiances and rivalries.