The military coup that overthrew the First Nigerian Republic was a significant turning point in Nigeria's political landscape. Prominent military figures, including Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, played a crucial role in the coup that began in the early hours of January 15, 1966. The coup was sparked by widespread disillusionment with the democratic government, which was seen as corrupt and ineffective in addressing the needs of the Nigerian populace. Ethnic tensions, especially between the northern and southern regions of Nigeria, further compounded grievances against the government led by Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa.

As the coup unfolded, Balewa was assassinated at his residence, along with several other political leaders including the Premier of the Northern Region. The coup leaders sought to establish a new order, promising to address the grievances of the populace and restore law and order. However, the takeover also contributed to a cycle of military rule and political instability that would characterize Nigeria for decades to come.

This event set the stage for further military interventions and coups in Nigeria. The immediate aftermath saw General Aguiyi-Ironsi assume power, but the coup failed to create lasting stability, leading to subsequent upheavals and conflicts, including Nigeria's brutal civil war.