The Nueva Planta decree, promulgated by King Philip V, marked a significant turning point in the political structure of Spain, particularly affecting the Principality of Catalonia. Following the War of Spanish Succession, which pitted various European powers against each other over the Spanish throne, Philip V sought to consolidate power and authority over his newly unified kingdom. The decree reflected his intention to abolish the existing decentralized governance prevalent in regions like Catalonia that had maintained a degree of autonomy. The existing Catalan institutions, including its legal system and regional laws, were nullified and replaced by the centralized administrative and judicial systems of Castile, aligning Catalonia more closely with the central Spanish government. This was a strategic move to establish a more uniform governance across the various kingdoms under his rule, a concept inspired by the governance style prevalent in France.

The societal implications were profound, as it dismantled centuries of local heritage and undermined the unique identity of Catalonia. The imposition of Castilian law and authority resulted in widespread resentment among the Catalan population who had enjoyed self-governance. This shift was deeply rooted in the broader context of the early 18th century, as absolute monarchs sought to reinforce their dominance amid changing political landscapes. Philip V's actions were not only about governance but also about asserting dominance over various regional identities within Spain, which would resonate throughout the centuries following the decree.