In 2012, a significant conflict erupted in Mali when Tuareg militias rose against the Malian government in pursuit of independence for the northern region of the country. The Tuareg people, a nomadic ethnic group primarily inhabiting the Sahara Desert, have long felt marginalized and oppressed by the central government in Bamako. Historical grievances surfaced, including economic neglect and cultural suppression, leading to heightened tensions. Armed groups such as the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and other factions capitalized on the discontent during this period. The region's instability was exacerbated by the Libyan Civil War, which resulted in the return of heavily armed Tuareg fighters, further emboldening their efforts.The Tuareg militias launched attacks in January, claiming control over several northern cities, including Timbuktu and Gao. Their military prowess took the Malian army by surprise, leading to a swift advance in territorial gains. The conflict rapidly escalated, leading to a humanitarian crisis and widespread displacement of civilians. International reactions varied, with calls for dialogue and negotiations, but the situation continued to deteriorate amid reports of human rights abuses by both government and rebel forces. This complex conflict set the stage for further military interventions, including the French-led Operation Serval in 2013 aimed at restoring stability in the region.The Mali War's beginning marked a pivotal change in the political landscape of Mali and raised critical questions regarding the governance of diverse ethnic communities within national boundaries. The unresolved issues of autonomy, governance, and respect for minority rights remained at the forefront, showcasing the challenges of post-colonial state formation in West Africa.