The Battle of Fredericksburg took place in December 1862 and resulted in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee against Union forces commanded by General Ambrose Burnside. The battle was characterized by a series of futile frontal assaults against well-entrenched Confederate positions, leading to a staggering number of Union casualties—approximately 12,000 killed, wounded, or missing, compared to 5,000 Confederate losses. The harsh criticism following Fredericksburg reflected the growing frustrations within the Northern public and government regarding military leadership. Burnside's performance was perceived as lacking, and the aftermath raised questions about his ability to lead effectively amidst ongoing conflict.

In response to these criticisms and the pressing need for renewed efforts against the Confederacy, President Abraham Lincoln chose to relieve Burnside of command. General Joseph Hooker, who had previously been commanding a division and was viewed as a more aggressive leader, was selected to take over the Army of the Potomac. Hooker brought with him a reputation for organizational skills and a desire to restore Union confidence. He was tasked with re-energizing the army, whose morale was shaken by recent defeats, and repositioning it for possible success in upcoming engagements with the Confederates. The change in leadership was part of Lincoln’s ongoing struggle to find effective commanders capable of meeting the challenges of the Civil War.