The overthrow of Mahamane Ousmane by Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara encompassed a critical moment in Niger's political history. Mahamane Ousmane had been elected president in 1993, representing a groundbreaking shift towards democracy in a country previously governed by authoritarian rule. However, his government experienced considerable difficulties, facing rampant corruption, economic downturns, and political instability that led to frustrations among the populace and the military alike. The unrest culminated in Maïnassara's coup on January 27, 1996, which reflected broader discontent with Ousmane's leadership.

Maïnassara's coup was executed swiftly; military personnel, disenchanted with the current regime, took action under his command. They seized control of strategic locations in Niamey and arrested Ousmane, effectively dismantling the democratic structure that had been installed only a few years prior. Following the coup, Maïnassara established a military government, proclaiming himself the head of state. He sought legitimacy for his regime by promising to restore order and address the economic crises that plagued Niger.

The aftermath of the coup saw a mix of repression and attempts to negotiate a new political framework. Although Maïnassara initially maintained some popular support, his regime exhibited authoritarian tendencies, leading to further conflict and challenges in governance. The coup fundamentally reversed progress toward democracy, leading to further cycles of instability within Niger and influencing the political dynamics in the region for years to come.