The Truce of Andrusovo, signed in January 1667, came after years of conflict between the Russian Tsardom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the Russian-Polish War that erupted in 1654. The war's roots lie in a complex web of territorial claims and religious affiliations, as Russia sought to expand its influence over the territories in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus, which had strong ties to Poland. With both sides suffering from the prolonged military engagement, the time had come for negotiations to take place to bring an end to hostilities.

The truce was negotiated in the village of Andrusovo by representatives of both nations, including notable figures like Alexei Mikhailovich from Russia and representatives of the Polish crown. The agreement delineated new borders, granting Russia control over key cities such as Smolensk, and large parts of the Ukraine and Belarus. In return, Poland retained significant territories, particularly in western Ukraine, which held strategic importance for both powers.

This agreement marked a substantial shift in the balance of power in Eastern Europe. It not only significantly extended Russia's territory but also solidified its emerging role as a major player in regional politics. The truce laid the groundwork for future relations and conflicts in the area, establishing a status quo that would influence the geopolitical landscape for decades to come. The fallout from the treaty resonated in various forms, including shifting alliances and territorial disputes that would periodically flare up again in the centuries that followed.