The liberation of Sofia from Ottoman rule in April 1878 was a pivotal moment in the Russo-Turkish War, which had been fought primarily between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. This war was largely rooted in the growing nationalistic aspirations of various Balkan peoples, alongside Russia's desire to expand its influence in the region. The Russian Empire had declared war on the Ottomans in 1877, aiming to support the Balkan Christians in their quest for independence. This military campaign saw substantial engagement from both sides, with Russian forces advancing through territories long dominated by the Ottomans.

In March 1878, Russian forces successfully laid siege to Sofia, which served as an important administrative center for Ottoman governance in Bulgaria. The strategic capture of the city was both a military and symbolic victory. The Russian troops, including General Mikhail Skobelev and his forces, faced various challenges, including fortifications, supply issues, and guerilla tactics employed by Ottoman troops. However, by early April, they secured Sofia, leading to the city's liberation from the longstanding Ottoman rule.

The reaction of the local Bulgarian population was one of immense gratitude and relief, as many celebrated the departure of Ottoman officials and the symbolic beginning of a new national revival. This liberation was closely followed by the establishment of a provisional Bulgarian government, setting the stage for the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano later that year. The treaty would ultimately lead to the establishment of a semi-independent Bulgarian state, a significant milestone in the Balkan liberation movements and further straining Ottoman control in Europe.