The Fabian Society was established in London by a diverse group of thinkers, writers, and social reformers. Among its founding members were notable figures such as George Bernard Shaw, Sidney Webb, and Beatrice Webb who believed that socialism could be achieved through gradual and parliamentary methods rather than through revolution. Their approach emphasized the importance of education and reasoned debate as tools for changing public opinion and policy concerning the working class and social reform, diverging from the more radical socialist movements prevalent at the time.

The society's name is derived from the Roman general Fabius Maximus, who was known for his tactics of delay and attrition. This reflects the society’s commitment to a slow and steady approach to socialism. Initially, the group functioned as a discussion club but began to widen its influence through publications that articulated their philosophical stance on socialism, which later became pivotal in shaping the Labour Party in the early 20th century.

By engaging with the broader public through pamphlets and lectures, the Fabian Society sought to raise awareness and push for legislative changes that aligned with their vision of a more equitable society. This included advocating for better working conditions, health reforms, and educational improvements, serving as a bridge between intellectual discourse and practical political action.