Benedict Arnold, once a celebrated hero of the American Revolution, became infamous for his betrayal after defecting to the British side. His decision to switch allegiances was influenced by various personal and financial struggles, as well as dissatisfaction with the Continental Congress. In early 1781, Arnold was given command of British troops in Virginia and tasked with destabilizing American control in the region, which he approached with aggressive tactics. On January 5, Richmond was targeted; Arnold's forces landed and coordinated an attack that saw portions of the city set ablaze. The destruction was a calculated move intended to disrupt the supply lines of the Continental Army, showcasing Arnold's strategic approach to weakening the American resistance.

The burning of Richmond was not merely an isolated incident but rather part of a broader strategy by British forces to control the Southern colonies. Over the course of the war, the British sought to exploit divisions among the patriots by promising freedom to enslaved people who joined their ranks, thereby aiming to fracture American unity. Arnold's assault on Richmond was emblematic of these tactics, as it aimed to instigate fear and chaos among the populace while simultaneously garnering resources for the British military effort.

The fire consumed valuable supplies and properties, contributing to the already critical strain the American side faced as they struggled to maintain their revolutionary endeavor. Although Arnold's campaign in Virginia achieved limited success in the long run, his actions had a significant psychological impact, fueling patriot fervor and determination to resist British incursions. Ultimately, Arnold’s defection and the subsequent burning of Richmond marked a turning point in the narrative of the war, with profound implications for the identity and unity of the emerging United States.