Charles de Gaulle was inaugurated as the first President of the French Fifth Republic in a significant political ceremony in Paris. This moment signified the culmination of a political transition from the Fourth Republic, which had been plagued by instability, frequent changes of government, and colonial conflicts, particularly in Algeria. De Gaulle’s return to power was buoyed by a public yearning for a strong leadership amid the aftermath of World War II and the struggle for decolonization. His prominence as a war hero and leader of the Free French Forces during the war further solidified his standing among the French populace. De Gaulle's vision included a new constitution that granted considerable powers to the presidency, thereby reshaping the French political system to enhance executive authority. The new constitution was approved by a referendum, laying the foundation for his presidency and cementing the Fifth Republic's structure.

Throughout his presidency, de Gaulle focused on key issues such as national independence, economic modernization, and constitutional reform. He emphasized the importance of a strong centralized government that could effectively address the challenges of the time. His policies aimed at promoting industrial growth, enhancing social welfare, and maintaining France's position as a global power, particularly in light of the Cold War dynamics. De Gaulle's foreign policy was notable for its independent stance, moving away from reliance on the United States and advocating for a unified European approach. His decisions to develop nuclear capabilities underscored his commitment to national sovereignty.

De Gaulle's presidency also faced numerous challenges, including civil unrest and a volatile economic situation, particularly concerning the war in Algeria. He navigated these challenges by emphasizing dialogue and negotiating peaceful solutions, which eventually led to Algerian independence. The impact of de Gaulle's leadership would continue to be felt long after he left office, as the structures and policies he established helped define the French political landscape well into the latter half of the twentieth century.