The Siege of Dubrovnik began in early October 1991 during the Croatian War of Independence, which was fought between Croatian forces seeking independence from Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) along with Serb paramilitary forces. Dubrovnik, a jewel of the Adriatic coast, was targeted due to its symbolic and strategic importance. With its rich history dating back to the Roman period, the city was not only an important cultural center but also served as a significant tourist destination, making its control highly sought after by the JNA. The siege escalated over the following months, featuring a heavy bombardment that severely damaged the city's ancient walls, churches, and other historical monuments. Residents faced imminent threats of displacement and loss of life as the military conflict intensified.

As artillery shells rained down on Dubrovnik, international attention was drawn to the conflict, highlighting the humanitarian crisis unfolding in the city. The siege lasted until May 1992, involving fierce urban warfare and naval blockades by the JNA. Croatian forces, though outnumbered, fiercely defended their homeland, embodying a spirit of resilience. During the siege, various civilian acts of bravery were reported, as local citizens sought to safeguard invaluable cultural artifacts and their community. The international community gradually began to intervene, providing aid and calling for a ceasefire amid growing concerns over the implications for cultural heritage and human rights abuses.

In terms of military strategy, Dubrovnik’s defensive efforts became a symbol of Croatian nationalism. The siege not only suffered from physical destruction but also contributed to the broader narrative of the conflict, illustrating the deep socio-political divisions within the former Yugoslavia. Its persistence until liberation highlighted both the complexities of urban warfare and the capabilities of a determined resistance fighting against a larger military power.