In a dramatic move that would reshape the course of Chinese history, Wu Zetian declared herself the Empress of China, effectively establishing the Zhou Dynasty. This proclamation shifted the power structure from the Tang Dynasty, under which she had risen to influence as a concubine and later regent. The declaration marked a significant moment in 690 when she announced the change in her capital at Luoyang, symbolizing a break from traditional patriarchal governance that had dominated the empire for centuries. Wu's ascension was not simply a bid for power; it was part of her broader vision to implement reforms that emphasized meritocracy rather than lineage, a radical approach in a period otherwise characterized by Confucian ideals prioritizing family and social hierarchy.

Wu Zetian's reign was defined by her strategic maneuvering among the elite, enactment of reforms, and fostering of cultural and scientific advancements. She appointed officials based on abilities rather than noble birth, which helped her build a loyal bureaucracy. Additionally, her administration included significant patronage of Buddhism, which she used to legitimize her rule. This mix of political acumen and innovative governance strategies led to prosperity and social change in China. However, her reign also faced challenges, including court intrigue and dissent from traditionalists who rejected her authority due to her gender.

Her rule continued to provoke debates about female power dynamics in a predominantly male historical narrative. While some viewed her as a tyrant employing ruthless means, others appreciated her efforts to elevate the status of women in society. Wu Zetian's impact on Chinese society and governance left a lasting legacy, influencing perspectives on female agency and leadership in subsequent dynasties. As such, her establishment of the Zhou Dynasty is often viewed as a pivotal moment in understanding the complexities of power in imperial China.