In October 1870, the citizens of the Papal States participated in a plebiscite to determine their political future. This decisive act allowed residents to voice their preference for joining the newly unified Kingdom of Italy. The referendum was a culmination of years of tension and conflict in Italy, where nationalist sentiments were rising, and various territories sought unification under one kingdom. The political climate was ripe for such an expression of will, as the movement for a unified Italy had gained momentum throughout the 19th century. Reports showed overwhelming support for the annexation, with approximately 99% of voters in favor, indicating a strong desire for political integration with the rest of Italy. The political transition took place against the backdrop of Italian unification efforts led by figures like Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Camillo di Cavour, which had been progressing since the 1850s. By accepting annexation, the citizens were not just reshaping their governance but were also asserting their national identity as Italians.