The Spanish declaration of war against Morocco occurred in a context of increasing tensions between the two nations, primarily fueled by territorial disputes and the treatment of Spanish nationals. The Spanish government aimed to reinforce their presence in North Africa, particularly focusing on regions surrounding the Ceuta enclave and other coastal areas. Claims of mistreatment of Spanish citizens in Morocco further escalated the situation, prompting Spain to take military action. Venezuelan-born General José de la Riva Agüero led the Spanish troops during the initial phase of this conflict, which was marked by naval support and land invasions.

Spanish forces quickly engaged in battles along the Moroccan coast, utilizing their superior naval power to conduct operations. One of the notable battles was the Battle of Tetuan in 1860, which resulted in a decisive Spanish victory and ultimately led to the signing of the Treaty of Tetuan. This treaty enforced significant territorial concessions from Morocco to Spain and included reparations for damages caused to Spanish citizens. Following this conflict, Spain significantly enhanced its military presence and influence in North Africa, establishing itself as a dominant power in the region.

The war also had profound implications for Moroccan sovereignty and political dynamics, compelling the Moroccan Sultan to reconsider relations with European powers. On one hand, this conflict set the stage for increased European colonial interests in North Africa; on the other, it highlighted the weaknesses in Moroccan military capabilities. The outcomes of this war would resonate in future international relations, particularly in the context of European imperialism in Africa, paving the way for future conflicts and negotiations across the continent.