The Second Battle of Newbury occurred as part of the first English Civil War, which pitted Royalists loyal to King Charles I against Parliamentarians representing the English Parliament. By late October 1644, the Parliamentarian forces had established a strong presence around Newbury and were under significant pressure from the Royalist troops based in Oxford. The Royalists sought to lift the Parliamentary siege and draw their opponents into a decisive engagement. Sir William Waller commanded the Parliamentarian troops, while the Royalists were led by Prince Rupert of the Rhine, a prominent cavalry commander and nephew to King Charles. On the day of battle, both sides maneuvered their forces to gain an advantage, leading to fierce but jockeying skirmishes.The Royalists initially gained the upper hand, pushing back some of the Parliamentarian formations. However, the Parliamentarians regrouped and launched counterattacks. Despite relentless fighting throughout the day, neither side could secure a decisive victory, leading to a tactical stalemate. As dusk fell, the conditions of the battlefield made further engagement treacherous, prompting both sides to withdraw and assess their casualties. The Royalists returned to their garrison in Oxford, and the Parliamentarians retained their control over Newbury. The aftermath of the second battle began to showcase the weariness of both armies, highlighting the prolonged nature of the conflict and the heavy toll it was taking on resources and morale for both sides.