The referendum in Rhodesia was a pivotal moment in the region's political history. Facing the possibility of annexation to the South African Union, the Rhodesian populace was invited to express their stance through a voting process. The background to this referendum lay in the British colonial administration's deliberations over the future of the region, as economic and political pressures mounted in the early 20th century. The option of joining the South African Union was presented as a solution to various administrative and economic challenges, yet many Rhodesians were apprehensive about losing their own governance and identity. The campaign leading up to the referendum involved debates, rallies, and significant public discourse, showcasing the feelings of many Rhodesians regarding their autonomy and political rights.

On the day of the vote, it became apparent that the majority sentiment favored independence over union. The final results revealed overwhelming opposition to the annexation, with approximately 60% of the votes going against the South African Union proposition. This resounding outcome not only cemented Rhodesia's status as a self-governing entity but also set a precedent for future colonial relationships in southern Africa. The referendum effectively delineated the people’s choice and underscored the complexities of colonial governance, particularly in relation to national identity and autonomy. Subsequently, the outcome had lasting implications for Rhodesia's political trajectory leading up to its eventual path toward independence in the later half of the century.