The March on Rome represented a defining moment in Italy's transition from a parliamentary system to a fascist dictatorship under Benito Mussolini. Following World War I, Italy was rife with social unrest and economic instability, which laid the groundwork for extremist political movements. Mussolini, formerly a socialist, adapted his ideology into fascism, advocating for national unity and the rejection of communism. His National Fascist Party gained substantial influence, tapping into public discontent to build a formidable base of support. As tensions escalated, Mussolini organized the march to assert power, intending to intimidate the government into capitulation.

On October 28, 1922, fascists mobilized from various regions, marching toward the capital. The sheer scale of the mobilization, with estimates of 20,000 to 30,000 participants, transformed what began as a political maneuver into a decisive show of force. In response to the looming threat, the Italian government found itself paralyzed. Prime Minister Luigi Facta requested the King to declare a state of siege, but King Vittorio Emanuele III refused to authorize military action against the fascists. Perceived weakness from the monarchy and the government catalyzed the fascists’ rise.

Mussolini’s appointment as Prime Minister followed shortly after the march, which he cleverly presented as a peaceful takeover aimed at restoring order. With this significant power shift, Mussolini began implementing policies that would centralize authority, curtail dissent, and foster a nationalist agenda. The march had not only solidified Mussolini's position but also marked the beginning of a regime that would impact Italy and the larger European context, leading toward a repressive government characterized by autocracy and aggressive expansionism.