The Treaty of Niš emerged from the conclusion of the Russian-Turkish War, which had erupted due to territorial disputes and the growing influence of Russia in Eastern Europe during the early 18th century. This conflict involved significant military confrontations, leading to substantial losses on both sides and pressing the need for a resolution that would prevent further escalation. Negotiations took place in Niš, located in modern-day Serbia, which was a strategic location for both empires during this period. The key representatives included diplomats from both the Ottoman Empire and Russia, tasked with coming to an agreement that would respect each other's territorial claims while establishing lasting peace.

The treaty recognized the Ottoman Empire's sovereignty over certain lands while granting Russia significant territory along the Black Sea coastline. It also made provisions for defining clearer borders, aiming to reduce future conflicts in the region. The agreement was marked by a complex interplay of military, political, and economic considerations, reflecting the culminative negotiations and the priority of stabilizing Eastern Europe after years of turmoil. It was a vital moment for both parties to reclaim stability within their respective domains.

The signing of the Treaty of Niš represented not only a cessation of hostilities but also showcased the changing dynamics in power relationships in the Balkans and Eastern Europe. By committing to certain territorial concessions, both empires laid the groundwork for future diplomacy and territorial negotiations that would shape the geopolitical landscape of the region for decades to come.