Mordechai Vanunu, an Israeli nuclear technician, became a central figure in the debate over nuclear proliferation when he disclosed classified information about Israel's nuclear weapons program to The Sunday Times in London. Vanunu had worked at the Negev Nuclear Research Center in Dimona and was aware of the extent of Israel's nuclear arsenal, which he estimated to be around 200 nuclear warheads. His decision to leak this information was influenced by his moral beliefs and opposition to the nuclear arms race. The Sunday Times published a detailed article, featuring photographs purportedly obtained by Vanunu, illustrating the facilities involved in Israel's nuclear development. The report claimed that Israel had developed a sophisticated military nuclear program in defiance of international scrutiny and obligations.

In the wake of these revelations, reactions varied worldwide. Some applauded Vanunu for his bravery, while others criticized him for endangering national security. Israel, adhering to a policy of ambiguity regarding its nuclear arsenal, vehemently denied Vanunu's claims initially but later confirmed the existence of some aspects of the program. Subsequently, the fallout from Vanunu's disclosures led to widespread debates about nuclear non-proliferation in the Middle East and prompted various nations to reconsider their policies on weapons of mass destruction.

Vanunu’s exposure also highlighted the ethical dilemmas faced by individuals working in military and scientific fields regarding the information they possess about national security. Following his disclosures, Vanunu was captured by Israeli agents in Rome, tried, and convicted on charges of treason and espionage, resulting in an 18-year prison sentence. His case became emblematic of the broader issues surrounding governmental secrecy, whistleblowing, and the rights of individuals against state power.