Photius II’s election to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople marked a significant moment in the history of the Orthodox Church during the 20th century. Born as Dimitrios Matzouranis, Photius II had already established himself within the ecclesiastical hierarchy before ascending to the patriarchate. This event unfolded amid a backdrop of global shifts, including the aftermath of World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, which brought about new challenges for Christian communities in the region. The election was held in a context where the Orthodox Church was grappling with internal divisions and external pressures from secular authorities.

The Ecumenical Patriarchate, located in the Phanar district of Istanbul, had seen a series of leaders prior to Photius II, each dealing with their own set of challenges, ranging from political interference to diminishing congregational numbers. Photius II's elevation was viewed as a response to the urgent need for a strong and unifying figure. His theological training and administrative experience were believed to position him well to lead the church through these turbulent times, bringing a renewed focus on doctrinal integrity and unity among the Orthodox faithful.

During his tenure, Photius II aimed to enhance the church’s presence and influence both locally and internationally. He also sought to address the spiritual needs of Orthodox Christians who had been displaced due to the shifting political landscape, including those who had fled from the Greco-Turkish War. His leadership style was characterized by a blend of traditional Eastern Orthodox values and the modernization necessary for the church to thrive in a rapidly evolving world. Photius II's tenure would set the stage for subsequent developments within the Orthodox Church in the 20th century, as it continually sought to maintain its identity in an increasingly secular world.