Pope Julius II was elected as the leader of the Roman Catholic Church after a lengthy conclave that began following the death of Pope Alexander VI. Born Giuliano della Rovere, he was a cardinal prior to his election and had been a significant player in the politics of the church, aiming to enhance the church’s power and influence in both Italy and Europe. The conclave took place in the Vatican, where cardinals deliberated for several days amidst the backdrop of ongoing political tensions in Italy, particularly related to the struggles for power among various city-states and noble families. Julius II's election was marked by a strong desire to reform the church and assert the papacy's authority, which he saw as diminished by the scandals and corruption of previous popes. His ambition was made evident soon after his election when he initiated military campaigns to reclaim territories in Italy and reduce the influence of those he deemed adversaries, such as the Venetian republic.

Pope Julius II’s legacy is intricately tied to the cultural revival of the Renaissance. He was a patron of the arts and commissioned monumental works from artists such as Michelangelo, who painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and Raphael, who created frescoes in the Vatican. His support for artists and architects led to transformative developments in religious art and architecture. Additionally, his vigorous efforts to restore the temporal power of the papacy through military action would leave a mark on the political landscape of Italy. Julius II’s reign significantly influenced the direction of the Catholic Church, leading to both artistic flourishing and setting the stage for later conflicts.