Francisco Pizarro's arrival in Cuzco heralded a pivotal phase in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. After capturing the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, during the Battle of Cajamarca, Pizarro advanced toward Cuzco, drawn by tales of its great wealth and grandeur. The Inca capital boasted advanced architecture, impressive temples, and vibrant local culture, which contrasted sharply with Spanish customs. Arriving in November 1533, Pizarro seized control of Cuzco, establishing Spanish dominion over one of the most significant cities in South America at the time.

Upon entering Cuzco, Pizarro encountered resistance from the local population but rapidly suppressed it, asserting Spanish authority. He seized numerous treasures and gold artifacts, which vastly enriched the Spanish crown and became symbolic of their conquests in the Americas. The takeover not only allowed Pizarro to establish a base for further expeditions into the Andean region but also illustrated the effectiveness of European military strategies against Indigenous peoples who were unprepared for such advanced warfare.

Moreover, Pizarro initiated the establishment of Spanish governance, prompting significant changes in social structures and the introduction of Christian doctrine through missionary efforts. This transition brought about dramatic shifts in life for the Incas, leading to cultural assimilation and societal upheaval as European norms began to replace indigenous practices. The riches that flowed back to Spain spurred further conquests and widened European interests in the continent.