The occupation of the Gaza Strip by Israeli forces was a key aspect of the Suez Crisis, which began in late 1956 following Egypt's nationalization of the Suez Canal. The conflict involved multiple parties, including Israel, Britain, and France, who sought to regain control over the canal and to curb Egypt's influence in the region. Under the framework of a secret agreement, Israel initiated Operation Kadesh on October 29, 1956, with the aim of advancing into the Sinai Peninsula and diverting attention away from the British and French military actions aimed at the canal.

As part of this operation, Israeli troops moved to occupy the Gaza Strip. The occupation was met with relatively limited resistance, as Egyptian forces were engaged in several fronts and facing internal political issues. Israel's military strategy was designed to create a buffer zone against Palestinian attacks and to assist in the eventual plan for controlling the Suez Canal through coordinated efforts with Britain and France. Within a few days, Israeli forces had established a significant presence in Gaza, aiming to confront the threat from militant groups operating in the area.

The significance of this operation was further underscored by the geopolitical dynamics of the Cold War. The incursion attracted international condemnation, most notably from the United States and the USSR, both of whom urged a withdrawal of foreign forces. Ultimately, this international pressure led to the retreat of British, French, and Israeli troops, illustrating the shifting power dynamics in the Middle East and the diminishing influence of colonial powers in the region.