In a significant move to legitimize his government, President Park Chung Hee organized a referendum in South Korea for voters to approve a new constitution. This initiative followed Park’s military coup in 1961, which brought him to power amidst political instability. The referendum was held on November 21, 1972, resulting in an overwhelming majority in favor of the new constitution. Approximately 91% of voters approved the changes, signaling strong public support for Park’s leadership despite criticism regarding the voting process's transparency and fairness.

The newly adopted constitution established the framework for what became known as the Fourth Republic of South Korea. Key features included a strong presidency with extensive powers, the ability to declare martial law, and limitations on political parties and dissent. The constitution aimed to enhance stability in governance and facilitate Park’s continued rule amid growing political unrest and opposition movements. This period was characterized by political repression alongside economic growth, leading to a dichotomy in South Korean society.

As South Korea moved forward under the new constitutional framework, it saw increased industrialization and economic development, but these came alongside strict control over civil liberties. Park’s administration implemented various modernization policies, yet the repressive measures took a toll on political freedoms, ultimately contributing to future movements advocating for democracy in the following decades.