Pope Anterus was elected as the nineteenth pope following the papacy of Pontian, who resigned due to pressures stemming from persecution during the reign of Emperor Maximinus Thrax. His election signifies the ongoing troubles that the early church faced during this era, amidst increasing tensions between Christianity and Roman religious traditions. Anterus’s tenure, though short-lived, is noted for a focus on ecclesiastical organization and the care of confessors who were suffering due to state-imposed edicts. Historical records indicate that he implemented measures aiming to unify the Christian community during a tumultuous period.

Anterus's papacy is often characterized by his concerns over the welfare of the church's flock and the safeguarding of the Christian faith. He played a pivotal role in ministering to Christians who faced persecution, and it is said that under his leadership, certain aspects of church governance were refined. Despite the challenges posed by the Roman authorities, he encouraged congregations to maintain their faith and offered support to those imprisoned or martyred for their beliefs. His leadership would be exemplified by subsequent popes who sought to follow his example in fortifying the church’s mission.

Unfortunately, Anterus’s papacy was cut short, as he was martyred in the year 236. His death reflected the brutal environment Christians endured during this period. Following his martyrdom, he became revered as a saint within the church, remembered for his commitment during harsh times and the dedication to the early Christian community during a period marked by strife and challenge. His legacy would influence the structure and resilience of the church in the ensuing decades, setting the stage for the future leaders of the faith. Anterus's papacy thus stands as a testament to the strength of early Christian leaders amid persecution and their role in shaping the foundations of church governance.