The Battle of Tudela took place in November 1808, amidst the Peninsular War, which saw France fighting against various coalitions of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces. The strategic importance of the battle stemmed from the French objective to solidify their control over Spain after the initial invasion earlier that year. Marshal Jean Lannes led the French army, incorporating a contingent of Polish troops, who were fighting under French command as allies due to their opposition to the Russian Empire. The Spanish forces, led by General Francisco de Palafox, comprised a mix of regular army and local militia. As Lannes moved his forces to engage, the poorly coordinated Spanish defense struggled to respond effectively to the swiftness and tactical maneuvers of the French forces.

The battle unfolded over several hours, featuring intense combat as both sides sought a decisive advantage. The French utilized their artillery effectively, and the Polish units displayed remarkable bravery and discipline in the encirclement and assaults against the Spanish positions. Ultimately, the French and Poles achieved a resounding victory, forcing Palafox to retreat and significantly weakening the Spanish resolve against French occupation. This victory not only secured French dominance in the region but also showcased the valor of the Polish troops, which would be remembered in the heritage of Polish military history.

The aftermath of the battle saw the French consolidating their hold on northern Spain, leading to further advancements towards the heart of the Iberian Peninsula. However, this increasing dominance would eventually give rise to widespread resentment among the Spanish populace, resulting in protracted guerrilla warfare against French forces. The conflict would continue for several years, and Tudela became a notable example of the early clashes that characterized the larger struggle involving multiple European powers during the Peninsular War.