The Battle of Solway Moss took place in November 1542, near the River Esk in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. This military encounter was part of the ongoing conflicts between England and Scotland, primarily driven by territorial disputes and dynastic claims. The English forces, led by Sir Thomas Wharton, faced a significantly larger Scottish army under the command of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran. Surprisingly, despite their numerical disadvantages, the English troops executed a well-coordinated attack, exploiting the confusion within the Scottish ranks. The battlefield was characterized by marshy terrain which made it difficult for the Scottish forces to maintain order and cohesion. The battle not only showcased the effectiveness of the English tactics but also highlighted issues within the Scottish command structure. The Scots were taken by surprise, leading to a hotly contested battle that ended in a decisive victory for the smaller English force. Following the battle, many Scottish troops were captured or killed, and the defeat further destabilized the Scottish political landscape. This win was significant for England, bolstering their position in the ongoing Anglo-Scottish conflicts and demonstrating the potential vulnerability of Scottish forces despite their numerical superiority.