The Siege of Granada was a protracted military campaign that began in 1482 and culminated in the final surrender of the city on January 2, 1492. Granada was the last stronghold of the Nasrid dynasty, the last Muslim kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, and this campaign represented the culmination of the Reconquista, the centuries-long effort by Christian kingdoms to reclaim Spanish territory. The Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, initiated the siege with the goal of unifying Spain under Christian rule. Following a failed negotiation for peace, the siege intensified, with the Catholic forces employing various tactics, including constructing trenches and bombardments. The defenders faced significant challenges, including dwindling resources, internal strife, and the overwhelming military might of the Christian forces.The Treaty of Granada, signed soon after the surrender, aimed to provide assurances and protections for the Muslim population. It stipulated the preservation of their religious practices and properties. However, these provisions were largely ignored in subsequent years, leading to mass conversions and expulsions of Muslims and Jews, ultimately altering the demographic landscape of Spain. This transition marked a significant cultural transformation, influencing the future trajectory of Spain's religious and cultural identity beyond the end of the Reconquista.