In the late 19th century, the scientific community was captivated by the exploration of electricity and its effects. Wilhelm Röntgen, a German physicist, was conducting experiments with cathode rays on November 8, 1895, at the University of Würzburg. During these experiments, he observed that a fluorescent screen placed nearby emitted light even though it was not in the direct path of the cathode rays. Intrigued by this phenomenon, Röntgen conducted further tests and discovered that the rays could penetrate various materials, leading to the first X-ray image of his wife's hand, complete with a ring visible on her finger.

Röntgen's findings not only captivated the scientific world but also laid the groundwork for a new field in medical imaging. The ability to see inside the human body without invasive procedures was revolutionary. He published his findings in a paper titled 'On a New Kind of Rays', introducing a process that would serve doctors and researchers for generations. The discovery of X-rays necessitated the development of protective measures as medical practitioners began utilizing this technology extensively, leading to advancements in safety protocols in radiology.

The term 'X-ray' was chosen because 'X' denotes an unknown quantity in mathematics, reflecting the mysterious nature of the rays at the time. Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 for his groundbreaking work, and his discovery soon propelled advancements in both diagnostics and therapies, changing the landscape of medical science and patient treatment forever.