In the early 1920s, Estonia was navigating the complex political landscape that followed its declaration of independence from Russia in 1918. The country had established a parliamentary democracy, but tensions existed between conservative nationalist forces and leftist groups, including the communists. On December 1, 1924, the Estonian Communist Party, encouraged by the Soviet Union, initiated a coup d'état attempt to overthrow the existing government and establish a communist regime. The insurgents aimed to capitalize on existing social dissatisfaction and the economic struggles of the post-war period.

The coup unfolded in Tallinn, where communists aimed to take control of key government and military facilities. However, the Estonian government swiftly responded, utilizing loyal military forces and police to counter the uprising. Within a few days, the uprising was effectively suppressed, resulting in significant casualties among the insurgents and the arrest of over 600 participants. This rapid government response demonstrated the strength of Estonia's defense capabilities as well as the commitment of the population to maintain their independence and emerging democratic institutions.

In the aftermath of the coup attempt, the Estonian government initiated a purge of suspected communists and leftist sympathizers. The failure of the coup solidified the existing government's authority and underscored the rejection of Soviet-style governance in the nation. The incident served as a critical turning point for Estonia, further distancing the country from Soviet influence and shaping its national identity as a democratic nation. The events of December 1924 also led to heightened tensions between Estonia and the Soviet Union in the years that followed, as the latter continued to exert pressure on its neighbor through various means.