As World War I raged on, the British Empire sought to solidify its presence in the Middle East, particularly after the declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire. On December 11, General Edmund Allenby, who had taken command of British forces in the region, made a notable entrance into Jerusalem. He chose to arrive on foot rather than the traditional horse, representing respect for the holy city. This was not merely a tactical military maneuver but also a significant cultural gesture, emphasizing the importance of Jerusalem to various religions, particularly to Christians, Jews, and Muslims.

The British capture of Jerusalem was part of the broader military campaign known as the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, aimed at defeating the Ottomans and securing a strategic route to the Suez Canal. Allenby's forces achieved this goal after months of fighting, culminating in the capture of Jerusalem from Ottoman control. The significance of this victory was not only military; it had international ramifications, affecting both the geopolitical landscape and the future of Palestine. By asserting control over Jerusalem, the British were positioned as key players in Middle Eastern affairs, laying the groundwork for future mandates and territorial disputes in the area.

The declaration of martial law was a crucial step in stabilizing the newly acquired territory. Allenby understood that the diverse population of Jerusalem needed to feel secure amid the political changes that were taking place. His leadership style aimed at cooperation with local communities, fostering an environment of respect and coexistence, even amid the pressures of wartime. His policies would notably influence the aftermath of the war and the subsequent British rule over Palestine, thereby affecting the trajectory of Middle Eastern politics for decades to come.