Joseph H. Rainey’s election to Congress represents a pivotal moment in the Reconstruction era of American history. As a member of the Republican Party, Rainey was elected to represent South Carolina's 1st Congressional District, reflecting the political shift towards greater inclusion of African Americans in governance following the Civil War. Born into slavery in 1832, Rainey became a successful businessman and community leader, demonstrating the potential for African Americans to thrive and engage in politics during Reconstruction.

Rainey's arrival in Congress was significant not only because he was the second African American to hold such a position, after Hiram Revels, but also because he emerged in a challenging political environment characterized by widespread racial tensions. Throughout his term, Rainey focused on advocating for civil rights, education, and the welfare of freedmen, aiming to solidify the newly gained rights of African Americans. His tenure also coincided with the larger struggle for civil rights which faced significant backlash from Southern states employing Jim Crow laws to disenfranchise black voters.

Rainey's contributions in Congress included efforts to promote legislation that would protect the rights of African Americans and facilitate their participation in society. As he navigated a predominantly white legislature, he faced significant opposition but remained steadfast in pushing for equality and justice. His election and service exemplified the potential and challenges of African American political participation during this transformative period in U.S. history.