The Battle of Tolvajärvi occurred as part of the larger Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union, which began in November 1939. The conflict arose from Soviet demands for territorial concessions from Finland, which Finland rejected, leading the USSR to invade in an attempt to secure its borders. Positioned along the Karelian Isthmus, the Finnish aimed to defend their homeland against a much larger Soviet military force. Tolvajärvi was a strategically important area, allowing control over supply routes and troop movements in the region.

In early December, the Finnish forces, led mainly by Lieutenant Colonel Paavo Tuompo, launched a well-planned offensive against the Soviet troops stationed at Tolvajärvi. They utilized their intimate knowledge of the local terrain to set ambushes, conduct raids, and maximize the element of surprise. The use of skis and winter gear allowed Finnish troops to maneuver effectively in harsh winter conditions, giving them an edge over the poorly prepared Soviet soldiers.

The battle lasted from December 12 to December 13 and ended with a decisive Finnish victory. The successful operation resulted in the capture of Soviet prisoners and equipment. This victory was pivotal not only for Finland's military strategy but also for national morale, galvanizing public support for the war effort against the USSR and establishing Finland's reputation for resilience.