The Aztec calendar stone, known as the 'Piedra del Sol,' was discovered on December 17, 1790, amidst construction activities in El Zócalo, the main square in Mexico City. During the Spanish colonial period, as the city expanded, workers stumbled upon this remarkable artifact buried deep in the ground. Upon excavation, they revealed a massive basalt monolith measuring approximately 12 feet in diameter, adorned with intricate carvings that reflected the sophisticated understanding of time and cosmology by the Aztecs.

The stone features a central representation of Tonatiuh, the sun god, surrounded by various symbolic carvings representing the different periods in the Aztec calendar. Each of these elements contributed to the understanding of time in Aztec society, which diverged significantly from European interpretations. The discovery prompted intense interest among scholars and collectors of antiquities, marking a growing appreciation for pre-Columbian artifacts. The stone itself became a focal point for the analysis of Aztec religion, astrology, and societal practices, showcasing the civilizations' advanced knowledge.

In the years following its discovery, the Aztec calendar stone was eventually moved to the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City, where it remains one of the most significant pre-Hispanic artifacts displayed, captivating visitors with its artistry and the insight it provides into the Aztec civilization. It sparked further archaeological exploration and discussions about indigenous cultures, their histories, and the impacts of colonialism on their legacy. The calendar stone continues to be a symbol of Mexican identity, evoking pride in the rich cultural heritage of its indigenous peoples.