United Nations Security Council Resolution 126 was adopted to address the long-standing conflict over Kashmir, which has been a point of contention between India and Pakistan since the partition of British India in 1947. The resolution emphasized the necessity of a peaceful resolution to the conflict through dialogue and negotiations. The Security Council expressed concern over the ongoing military hostilities and the impact on the local population. It called for the immediate withdrawal of troops from the region to reduce tensions and prevent further escalation of hostilities.

The adoption of this resolution was significant as it showcased the UN's role in international conflict resolution, particularly in South Asia. The resolution reiterated the importance of respecting the rights and aspirations of the Kashmiris and expressed a commitment to ensuring their security. As a result, both India and Pakistan were urged to engage in discussions to arrive at a durable solution. The resolution indicated the UN's willingness to mediate and provide a platform for dialogue between the two nations, which had engaged in two wars over Kashmir up until that time.

While the resolution was a diplomatic effort to mitigate the conflict, the implementation proved challenging, as both countries held differing views on Kashmir's status. The adoption of Resolution 126 laid the groundwork for subsequent discussions and resolutions but also highlighted the complexities involved in mediating territorial disputes. The continued instability in Kashmir has drawn international attention and remains a critical area for peace-building efforts in South Asia.