The U.S. invasion of Panama, named Operation Just Cause, was initiated with the objective of deposing General Manuel Noriega, the Panamanian leader, who had become increasingly embattled in controversy due to drug trafficking and anti-American actions. By December 1989, Noriega had been in power since 1983, ruling through a combination of intimidation, political manipulation, and military force. His controversial leadership had begun to spark unrest within Panama, as well as concerns from the United States about the safety of its citizens living there. In the weeks leading up to the invasion, tensions escalated as Noriega’s regime clashed with U.S. interests in the region, culminating in a declaration of a state of war by the Panamanian government against the U.S. forces.On December 20, 1989, the U.S. executed Operation Just Cause, marking the beginning of a military assault that involved approximately 27,000 U.S. troops, supported by aircraft and naval forces. The operation aimed to restore democracy in Panama, protect American lives, and capture Noriega, who was accused of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. The air strikes destroyed military facilities and allowed ground troops, including special forces and regular infantry, to advance into key urban areas, including Panama City. Amidst heavy fighting and significant civilian disruption, Noriega sought refuge in the Vatican embassy. He was ultimately captured on January 5, 1990, after more than two weeks of negotiations and attempted escapes.