In the context of rising nationalism and regional autonomy, Cai E and Tang Jiyao emerged as central figures in the Yunnan military's response to the political complexities facing China. On December 25, 1915, they proclaimed the independence of Yunnan from the Empire of China, challenging the authority of a central government perceived as ineffective. The announcement marked the initiation of a military campaign aimed at restoring the Republic, which had faced various threats since its inception following the 1911 revolution that ended the Qing Dynasty.

The backdrop of the proclamation was marked by significant unrest and dissatisfaction with the central government, particularly following the controversial decision of Yuan Shikai, the self-proclaimed Emperor, to establish a new monarchy in 1915. The military leaders of Yunnan saw this as a direct affront to the republican ideals they upheld. They rallied local support for their cause, capitalizing on the existing discontent among various factions in the province and beyond.

The campaign that ensued was both a military and political effort to gain independence and uphold the republic's values. As local armies mobilized, the struggle represented a critical moment in China's historical trajectory, showcasing the tensions between regional powers and the central authority, which would continue to shape the political landscape of the country for years to come. Their actions highlighted the importance of Yunnan as a player in the broader picture of Chinese politics during a time of upheaval.