Following the end of World War II, Indonesia's quest for independence intensified, influenced by both internal resistance and changing global attitudes towards colonialism. The struggle for independence began in earnest with the proclamation of independence in 1945 by Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, which was met with a strong military response from the Dutch, seeking to re-establish their colonial rule. The conflict between Indonesian nationalists and Dutch forces escalated into the Indonesian National Revolution, characterized by guerrilla warfare, diplomatic negotiation, and international pressure for decolonization.

The Netherlands faced increasing international pressure, particularly from the newly formed United Nations, to recognize Indonesia's right to self-determination. The Round Table Conference, held in 1949, aimed to negotiate the future relationship between the Netherlands and Indonesia. This significant gathering included key figures such as Sukarno, Hatta, and Dutch Minister of Overseas Territories, C. P. B. van Mook. On December 27, 1949, after protracted negotiations, the Netherlands officially recognized Indonesia’s independence, signifying a pivotal moment in the decolonization process.

This recognition was formalized with the signing of the Dutch-Indonesian Agreement, which included provisions for the transfer of sovereignty and the establishment of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia as a part of the former Dutch East Indies. The agreement effectively ended over 300 years of Dutch colonial rule in the region, culminating years of struggle, sacrifice, and negotiation. Indonesia's independence was celebrated by its populace and marked not only a victory for Indonesian nationalists but also contributed to the wider global wave of decolonization in the mid-20th century.