The establishment of South Australia and its capital, Adelaide, was the culmination of a vision for a free colony, distinct from the penal settlements that characterized much of early Australian colonization. The South Australian Association, driven by philanthropists and reformists, sought to create a colony based on principles of land rights and social equality. Their aim was to attract free settlers, offering them opportunities in agriculture and trade. Colonel William Light, appointed as the first Surveyor-General, was tasked with selecting the ideal location for the settlement. After an extensive survey, Light chose the area near the Torrens River due to its favorable climate, access to fresh water, and fertile soil.

On the designated day, Light conducted a ceremonial proclamation of the new colony and laid out the initial plans for Adelaide, highlighting broad streets and a parklands concept. These designs reflected Enlightenment ideals of urban planning, emphasizing the importance of green spaces for public recreation. The inaugural population consisted mainly of free settlers, positioned to cultivate a more progressive society compared to other Australian colonies.

Over the following years, the population grew as more immigrants arrived, attracted by the promise of a new life in South Australia. The establishment of Adelaide was also significant for its approach towards Indigenous land rights, albeit the impact on the Aboriginal populations was profound and challenging. This foundation paved the way for the future growth of a vibrant society that would evolve into a major Australian city.