The Indian National Congress was established during a period of increasing unrest in British India as a response to the growing demand for political representation and rights for Indians. The founding conference took place in Bombay with 72 delegates present, many of whom were influential leaders from across the country. The organization's establishment was largely facilitated by Allan Octavian Hume, who envisioned a platform where educated Indians could discuss ideas and grievances. The Congress aimed to build a united front among various Indian communities, as it included members from different regions, religions, and social classes. Hume perceived the Congress as an instrument to moderate tensions between Indians and the British government while advocating for reform.

During its early years, the Congress primarily sought moderate constitutional reforms and the increased involvement of Indians in governance. The leadership was keen on maintaining a dialogue with the British authorities rather than outright opposition. However, as the years progressed, the organization gradually evolved its stance, embracing more assertive demands for political autonomy and later independence. This shift in approach laid the groundwork for future leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and later, Mahatma Gandhi to mobilize mass support against colonial rule. The formation of the Indian National Congress is seen as a significant moment in India's struggle for independence, catalyzing the emergence of a national identity and the political movement for self-rule.