The Battle of Stones River, also known as the Second Battle of Murfreesboro, was a critical engagement fought between December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863. Located near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, the battle pitted the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded by General Braxton Bragg, against the Union Army of the Cumberland under the leadership of General William S. Rosecrans. The conflict commenced with Bragg's Confederate forces attacking the Union left flank in the early morning hours. The fighting erupted fiercely, with both sides experiencing fierce hand-to-hand combat and significant casualties throughout the three days. Notably, the Union troops held their ground in a series of strategically important positions, which ultimately contributed to their defensive success.

The battle's fighting was characterized by intense artillery barrages and close-quarters combat, with thousands of soldiers engaging in a brutal struggle. Throughout the second day, January 1, the Union forces managed to hold their lines effectively, despite being outnumbered. The battle continued with fierce engagement until the end of the second day, leading to considerable casualties on both sides. The final day of fighting on January 2 solidified the Union's position despite initial concerns about their hold on the battlefield. Ultimately, Bragg's forces withdrew, marking a key victory for the Union army.

The outcome of the Battle of Stones River significantly affected the morale and strategic standing of both armies in the Western Theater. It led to a Union occupation of Middle Tennessee, helping to secure supply lines and bolster support for the federal cause. The battle was crucial not only because of its immediate military implications but also because it established Union forces in a stronger position as they began to push deeper into Confederate territory in the following campaigns.