In December 1745, Charles Edward Stuart, also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, and his Jacobite army advanced into England, reaching Derby. This marked a pivotal moment in the Second Jacobite Rising, as it represented the farthest south that the Jacobite forces had penetrated. Initially, their campaign began in Scotland, gaining momentum with the support of loyalist Highland clans. The march into England was characterized by a mixture of enthusiasm and apprehension among the troops and supporters alike. Upon reaching Derby, the Jacobite army, numbering around 9,000, captured the city with little resistance, which raised hopes among their supporters for a wider rebellion against George II and the Hanoverian rule.

However, the optimism was tempered by the realization that the local populace was largely indifferent or even hostile towards the Jacobite cause. The uncertainty surrounding the army's next move became palpable. Ultimately, rather than pressing further into England toward London, the leadership decided to retreat, a decision influenced by logistical challenges and decreasing support. This retreat began shortly after Christmas, marking a turning point in the campaign, and illustrating the complexities of their aspirations to reclaim the British throne.

The event at Derby not only affected the course of the Jacobite campaign but also reflected the broader sentiment of loyalties within England. This moment in Derby became a symbol of both aspiration and missed opportunity, highlighting the precarious balance of power during this volatile period. The Jacobite forces’ advance would eventually lead to their defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, ending the hope for the restoration of the Stuart dynasty to the British throne.