The conflict at Wal Wal arose from Italy's desire to expand its empire in East Africa, particularly targeting Ethiopia, which remained one of the few independent nations on the continent. Tensions between the two nations had been brewing due to previous skirmishes and Italy's imperial aspirations dating back to the late 19th century. As part of their broader plan to establish Italian East Africa, the Italian government sought to demonstrate military might by gaining control over key locations such as Wal Wal, which became a flashpoint for military engagement.

On December 5, 1934, Italian troops launched a surprise attack on Wal Wal, an area fortified by Ethiopian forces. The city was viewed as vital for strategic control of the surrounding regions and routes. The battle saw heavy fighting, with Italian artillery proving to be superior. Over the ensuing four days, the troops engaged in fierce combat against Ethiopian defenders, utilizing advanced military technology and tactics. Despite significant Ethiopian resistance, the Italians successfully captured the city by December 9, asserting their dominance in the area.

The attack on Wal Wal not only reflected the growing imperial ambitions of fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini but also marked a significant escalation in hostilities leading to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The fierce resistance from Ethiopian forces showcased their determination to maintain sovereignty, setting the stage for a broader conflict in which international condemnation and responses would play a critical role. The conflict would eventually involve global powers, with profound implications for colonial dynamics in Africa.