The foundation of Quito began with Sebastián de Belalcázar, who had previously played a role in the conquest of the Inca Empire in what is now Peru. After hearing reports of a rich and prosperous region further south, he ventured into the highlands of Ecuador. On December 6, 1534, Belalcázar and his expedition established Quito, which they recognized for its favorable climate and strategic position within the Andes. This choice reflected a blend of military strategy and agricultural potential, important for sustaining their settlement and securing Spanish influence in the region.

As Belalcázar declared the founding of Quito, he sought both to exploit the resources of the local indigenous populations and to establish a foothold for the Spanish crown. The Spaniards faced challenges from local tribes who resisted their encroachment. However, this led to a series of confrontations that would shape the relationships between the indigenous populations and the new settlers. The establishment of Quito would soon lead to further Spanish settlements and the extension of colonial influence throughout the northwestern regions of South America.

Over time, Quito grew in importance as a colonial center, becoming the capital of the Spanish province of Ecuador. Its strategic location made it a vital administrative and commercial hub. The urban layout was designed following Spanish architectural standards, with a central plaza, churches, and governmental buildings, which emphasized the dominant Spanish culture. The city would later play a significant role in the independence movements of the 19th century, illustrating its continuous political importance throughout history.