The Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed in London, was the result of months of negotiations aimed at resolving the contentious relationship between Britain and Ireland. The primary negotiators for the Irish side included Michael Collins and Arthur Griffith, while British Prime Minister David Lloyd George led the British delegation. These negotiations came on the heels of the War of Independence, which had seen significant violence and unrest in Ireland as it sought to end British rule. The treaty addressed issues including the governance of Ireland, British military presence, and the treatment of Northern Ireland, which was to remain part of the United Kingdom.

One of the most notable aspects of the treaty was its eventual establishment of the Irish Free State, granting Ireland autonomy while maintaining a constitutional link with the British Commonwealth. This arrangement was a compromise aimed at providing Ireland with self-governance while addressing British concerns about territorial control and security. The conclusion of these negotiations was hailed by many as a landmark moment, as it represented a significant step towards Irish independence and a reconfiguration of British-Irish relations.

However, the implementation of the treaty sparked significant debate and division within Ireland, leading to a civil conflict between pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions. The political discussions surrounding the treaty highlighted the varying perspectives on national identity and governance, which continued to shape Irish politics for decades. In the aftermath of its signing, the treaty was subjected to scrutiny and criticism, particularly concerning the terms that kept Northern Ireland separate and the oath of allegiance to the British Crown required from Irish parliamentarians. Ultimately, the Anglo-Irish Treaty marked a pivotal movement that influenced Ireland's political landscape for years to come.