The Croatian War of Independence, which began in 1991, included a significant military campaign featuring the city of Dubrovnik, renowned for its stunning architecture and historical significance. As Croatian forces sought autonomy from the Yugoslav Federation, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), predominantly composed of Serb forces, initiated operations against Croatian-held territories. The siege of Dubrovnik was marked by relentless shelling beginning in October 1991 and peaking in December when the JNA unleashed heavy bombardments.

Dubrovnik, a city with deep historical roots and a UNESCO World Heritage status, faced extensive infrastructural damage and significant civilian casualties. The JNA's strategy aimed at undermining Croatian morale and asserting control by targeting key locations, including cultural landmarks. This relentless siege persisted for over seven months, drawing severe criticism from international observers and human rights organizations who condemned the targeting of civilians.

In response to the destruction, Croatian forces mounted defense efforts to protect the city, utilizing various tactics to minimize civilian impact and preserve the city's heritage. The bombardment not only affected the local populace but also led to widespread media coverage, raising awareness about the conflict and prompting discussions of humanitarian intervention. Despite the destruction, the spirit of the Dubrovnik citizens remained resilient, culminating in various efforts to restore the city post-conflict.