The American Civil War saw many challenges for Union forces, particularly in its early years, when military defeats raised questions about leadership and strategy. In response, Congress sought to establish a mechanism to oversee military operations, resulting in the formation of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. This bipartisan committee was formed from members of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, aiming to examine the conduct of military operations and provide recommendations for improvement.

The committee was tasked with gathering testimony from military leaders, reviewing reports, and making recommendations to Congress. Prominent members included Senator Benjamin Wade and Representative Edwin Stanton, who played crucial roles in addressing the war’s leadership issues. Their inquiries led to increased scrutiny of military commanders, notably General George B. McClellan, who faced criticism for his cautious approach to warfare. The Joint Committee sought to hold leaders accountable for their strategies and decisions, which they felt were essential for achieving a swift resolution to the conflict.

The establishment of the Joint Committee marked a significant shift in Congressional involvement in military affairs. It illustrated the growing impatience among lawmakers and the public regarding the war's progress. Furthermore, it set a precedent for future Congressional oversight of military operations, emphasizing the role of government in war-time decision-making and accountability.